Narcissism is a term we hear a lot nowadays, but in fact, it encompasses a broad spectrum of behaviors and characteristics that can appear in incredibly different ways from one person to the next. Even if someone exhibits narcissistic traits, that doesn’t necessarily mean they have Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD), an official mental health diagnosis. Let’s take a closer examination of the various forms of narcissism and how they appear in individuals’ personalities.
Narcissism is on a continuum, and researchers have identified several different types to help us better comprehend this multifaceted trait. The most widely recognized type is overt narcissism, also referred to as grandiose narcissism. Individuals with overt narcissism tend to be outgoing, competitive, and have an extremely high sense of self-importance. They tend to crave attention and admiration and may dominate conversations with their boisterous and entitled behavior. Despite appearing to be confident, they tend to be lacking in empathy and find it difficult to get other people’s feelings.
Meanwhile, covert narcissism is the quieter, more subtle version. Introverted and potentially appearing shy or insecure, covert narcissists often become the victim of gaining others’ approval and have a hard time accepting criticism. Although less overt in their need for admiration, it’s nonetheless genuine and, at times, they shift the blame onto others when they don’t receive things on their terms.
Communal narcissism is another fascinating variety. Individuals with this type of narcissism view themselves as particularly moral and generous. However, when you get closer, their behavior doesn’t quite jibe with what they say. They may be loudly championing causes or discussing fairness and justice, but not acting on the same principles in their own lives.
Antagonistic narcissism is characterized by an intense sense of competition. Individuals with this trait tend to quarrel and view others as rivals. They tend to be suspicious and bear grudges, and as such, it becomes difficult for them to form close relationships. Their perpetual interest in “winning” tends to interfere with trusting and bonding.
Malignant narcissism is the most severe form. It merges the narcissistic elements with the characteristics of antisocial personality disorder. Individuals suffering from malignant narcissism can be aggressive, paranoid, and even enjoy harming others. Their actions can prove to be harmful and extremely hard to cure.
It’s worth noting that exhibiting some narcissistic characteristics doesn’t necessarily mean a person has NPD. That can only be determined by a trained mental health expert using criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM). NPD is a serious disorder that impacts a person’s daily life, relationships, and career.
By understanding the various forms of narcissism, we can be better equipped to navigate relationships with individuals who exhibit them. Overt, covert, communal, antagonistic, and malignant narcissism are some of the forms, each with its level of difficulty. Being aware of these patterns allows us to establish healthier boundaries and to more effectively support individuals who are struggling.
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